Led by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), World Cancer Day is more than a day on the calendar. It is observed every year to raise awareness, improve education, and catalyse personal, collective and government action to save millions of preventable cancer deaths. Furthermore, it seeks to “reimagine a world where access to life-saving cancer treatment and care is equitable for all — regardless of who you are or where you live”.
A multi-year campaign for impact
In keeping with the theme ‘Close the Care Gap,’ UICC launched a three-year campaign this year to create more equitable access to cancer services. In the first year — 2022-23 — the campaign will focus on “understanding and recognising the inequities in cancer care around the globe”. The second year of the campaign – 2023-24 – is about “uniting and mobilising communities to take actions, build stronger alliances and innovative new collaborations”. The last year of the campaign – 2024-25 – is all about bringing attention to a higher level by raising voices to engage those in power. It is about “calling on leaders to eliminate health inequities by addressing their underlying causes, ensuring that everyone has access to quality health services when, where and how they need them”.
Addressing the social inequalities in the cancer continuum
In the cancer continuum, social inequality refers to systematic differences between social groups that affect people’s risk of developing cancer, the likelihood that they will receive effective and timely (or any) cancer treatment, whether they will survive, and whether they will have access to palliative care. Such inequality can occur along a variety of axes, including, but not limited to, a person’s socioeconomic status, race or ethnicity, gender, disability, sexuality, and geographic location. Persistent social inequalities exist both between and within countries along the cancer continuum. They reflect the significance of social, economic, environmental, historical, and political contexts in determining who develops cancer, what type of cancer they develop, and whether they are able to survive or die from it.
The terminology in this field is somewhat contentious. The term inequity implies a judgement that differences are inherently unjust, such as the unequal distribution of cancer care services. This element of unfairness can be contentious and difficult to determine at times. These barriers — cultural, educational, financial, socio-economic, geographical and gender or age-related discrimination — potentially reduce a person’s chance of surviving cancer – and they must be addressed.
Why should we be concerned about social inequalities in cancer?
Social inequalities are very much evident at every step of the cancer continuum, starting from the individual’s exposure to risk factors, and the likelihood of developing cancer, to whether cancer-related data is collected and counted, through access to screening and cancer diagnostic facilities, and even to fundamental palliative care.
What can be done to close the cancer care gap?
Social inequalities in cancer outcomes are not inevitable, but changing them will almost certainly necessitate coordinated action at many levels, both within and outside of the health sector, and at both local, regional, and global levels. Strategies and policies aimed at addressing root causes, such as unequal power and access to resources between groups, are likely to have an impact on population health in general and cancer outcomes in particular. Efforts should be made to improve cancer care access for the entire population in a uniform manner, regardless of geographical or socioeconomic barriers.
In many low-and-middle-income countries, a lack of universal health coverage is a barrier to both development and addressing inequalities in cancer outcomes. Progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of universal health coverage will have an impact on cancer inequalities both between and within countries. Advancements made towards meeting the health-related United Nations Sustainable Development Goals of universal health coverage will have an effect on cancer inequalities both between and within countries. Talking about India, the country’s healthcare system needs to be revitalised, with a special emphasis on cancer care. To combat the rising death toll, it is critical to improve healthcare infrastructure at all levels and establish regional cancer centres. Aiming for preventive and early detection services is essential. Advanced treatment equipment and drugs should be made available to all at a reasonable cost. The key is a more cost-effective and efficient health-care network.
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