BRAIN CANCER: RECOGNIZE KEY SYMPTOMS AND RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY DETECTION

Brain tumours are complex and diverse in their characteristics and origins. They can arise from cells within the brain itself or metastasize from other parts of the body.

These tumours are categorized into two main groups: malignant and benign.

Malignant tumours, such as gliomas and astrocytomas, are characterized by their uncontrolled growth and potential to spread to other parts of the brain or body. In contrast, benign tumours remain localized and typically grow more slowly.

Despite the range of tumour types, the overall lifetime risk of developing brain cancer is less than 1%, reflecting its relative rarity.

Types of Brain Tumours

Brain tumours are classified into over 150 different types, each with distinct growth patterns and characteristics. Among these, meningiomas and glioblastomas are particularly prevalent.

Meningiomas, which originate from the meninges—the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord—are common and usually benign. Glioblastomas, on the other hand, are aggressive malignant tumours arising from glial cells, and they are often challenging to treat.

These types of tumours are observed across various populations, including both Indian and Western demographics, underscoring their global relevance.

Symptoms and Their Implications

The manifestation and severity of brain tumour symptoms are closely linked to several factors, including the tumour’s location, size, and growth rate.

Symptoms can vary widely but often include persistent headaches, particularly in the morning. This is frequently due to increased intracranial pressure caused by the tumour.

Visual disturbances are another common symptom, which can arise when a tumour exerts pressure on the optic nerves or affects regions of the brain responsible for vision processing.

Additionally, brain tumours can cause a range of other symptoms, depending on their specific location. For instance, tumours located near critical structures such as the pituitary gland may lead to hormonal imbalances and visual impairments. Lesions in the occipital lobe, which is involved in processing visual information, can result in various visual field defects.

Other potential symptoms include sensory abnormalities, motor deficits like weakness or paralysis, and unexplained seizures, especially in adults.

Potential Causes and Contributing Factors

While the exact causes of brain tumours are often unclear, several factors may contribute to their development. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role, as individuals with a family history of brain tumours or certain genetic conditions are at higher risk.

Exposure to radiation, such as from previous cancer treatments or environmental sources, is another known risk factor. Environmental influences, including exposure to certain chemicals or pollutants, may also contribute to tumour development, though research is ongoing to fully understand these connections.

The Importance of Early Detection

Early diagnosis of brain tumours is crucial due to its significant impact on treatment outcomes and patient prognosis. Identifying a brain tumour at an early stage allows for timely intervention, which can dramatically improve the effectiveness of treatment. Early-stage tumours are often smaller and less invasive, making them more manageable and increasing the likelihood of successful surgical removal or other therapeutic approaches.

Prompt diagnosis also helps in minimizing potential complications and long-term damage. As brain tumours grow, they can exert pressure on critical structures, leading to worsening symptoms and irreversible neurological deficits. Early intervention can prevent or mitigate these effects, preserving cognitive functions and quality of life.

Additionally, early diagnosis often means that less aggressive treatments can be employed, reducing the need for more intensive and potentially harmful therapies later. This not only enhances the patient’s chances of recovery but also decreases the overall burden of treatment-related side effects.