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kerala

Kerala Takes a Genomic Leap: Dengue, Sickle Cell Anemia in the Crosshairs

by Dr. Shruthi R July 15, 2024

written by Dr. Shruthi R

Kerala is using cutting-edge genome sequencing to fight dengue and sickle cell anemia, aiming for a future of personalized medicine with targeted treatments and improved patient outcomes.

Kerala, a state on the southwestern coast of India renowned for its lush backwaters and vibrant culture, is taking a bold step forward in healthcare. By embracing cutting-edge genome sequencing technology, Kerala aims to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of two prevalent diseases: dengue and sickle cell anemia. This shift towards personalized medicine holds immense promise for improved patient outcomes and a more targeted approach to disease management.

Dengue: A Chikungunya Virus Nemesis

Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral infection, is a significant public health concern in India, with Kerala being particularly susceptible. The virus, transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, causes a spectrum of illness ranging from a mild flu-like illness to a potentially life-threatening complication known as severe dengue. Dengue diagnosis can be tricky, as its symptoms often mimic other viral infections. Traditional methods like serological tests, while helpful, can be inconclusive, particularly in the early stages of the disease.

This is where genome sequencing steps in. By deciphering the unique genetic makeup of the virus present in a patient’s blood sample, genome sequencing provides a definitive diagnosis of dengue. This not only allows for prompt initiation of supportive treatment but also aids in identifying the specific strain of the virus. This information is crucial for public health efforts, as different dengue strains can exhibit varying degrees of severity.

Sickle Cell Anemia: A Hereditary Hurdle

Sickle cell anemia is another disease that Kerala is tackling with the help of genomics. This inherited blood disorder causes red blood cells to take on a sickle-like shape, hindering their ability to efficiently carry oxygen throughout the body. Patients with sickle cell anemia experience a range of debilitating symptoms, including chronic pain, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Genome sequencing plays a pivotal role in sickle cell anemia by pinpointing the exact genetic mutations responsible for the disease. This not only allows for the confirmation of diagnosis but also paves the way for personalized treatment plans. Additionally, it enables the identification of carriers – individuals who have only one copy of the mutated gene and don’t exhibit symptoms themselves but can pass it on to their offspring.

Beyond Diagnosis: The Power of Personalized Medicine

The true strength of genome sequencing lies in its ability to tailor medical interventions to an individual’s unique genetic makeup. In the case of dengue, understanding the specific viral strain can inform decisions about antiviral medications or potential future vaccine development. Additionally, for patients with severe dengue, genome sequencing can help identify those at higher risk of complications, allowing for more intensive monitoring and early intervention.

For sickle cell anemia, genome sequencing opens doors for personalized treatment strategies. Identifying the specific mutations can guide therapeutic approaches, including medications that help prevent sickling of red blood cells or even gene therapy in the future. Moreover, knowledge of carrier status empowers couples to make informed reproductive decisions through genetic counseling.

Challenges and Considerations

While the potential of genome sequencing is undeniable, there are challenges to consider. The technology itself can be expensive, and ensuring widespread accessibility within the healthcare system is crucial. Additionally, ethical considerations regarding data privacy and the responsible use of genetic information need to be addressed. Trained personnel are also required to interpret the vast amount of data generated by genome sequencing and translate it into actionable treatment plans.

A Beacon of Hope: Kerala Leads the Way

Despite the challenges, Kerala’s foray into genome sequencing signifies a progressive approach to healthcare. This initiative has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of not just dengue and sickle cell anemia but also a wide range of other genetic and infectious diseases. By embracing personalized medicine, Kerala is setting an example for other states in India and beyond, demonstrating the power of genomics to improve health outcomes and empower patients.

Looking Ahead: A Brighter Future for Healthcare

As Kerala continues to refine its implementation of genome sequencing, the ripple effects will be far-reaching. This technology has the potential to transform healthcare delivery, ushering in an era of precision medicine where treatments are tailored to an individual’s unique genetic makeup. The fight against dengue, sickle cell anemia, and other diseases can be significantly bolstered with this powerful tool. Kerala’s pioneering efforts serve as a beacon of hope, paving the way for a future where genomics empowers healthcare professionals to deliver more effective and personalized care.

July 15, 2024 0 comment

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Don’t Panic! Debunk the Myths of the “Brain-Eating Amoeba” (Read Here, Not Watch) – Truth About the Kerala Outbreak and How to Stay Safe in Freshwater

by Dr. Shruthi R July 8, 2024

written by Dr. Shruthi R

Brain-eating amoeba: Brain-eating bacteria called amoeba is spreading rapidly in Kerala. So far 21 people have lost their lives due to this bacteria. In such a situation, you should be alert and careful. Check out the explainer for all you need to know about Amoeba.

Recent news of deaths in Kerala attributed to a “brain-eating amoeba” have understandably caused public alarm. While the situation deserves attention, sensational headlines can often create more fear than understanding. This explainer dives deep into the science behind Naegleria fowleri, the organism responsible, separating fact from fiction and empowering you with knowledge.

Not Bacteria, But a Single-celled Predator: Introducing Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri isn’t actually bacteria, but a free-living amoeba. Amoebas are single-celled organisms, quite distinct from bacteria. Naegleria fowleri thrives in warm freshwater environments like lakes, rivers, and inadequately chlorinated pools, with ideal temperatures ranging from 25-46°C (77-115°F). These amoebas feed on bacteria present in the water.

The Pathway to Infection: How Naegleria fowleri Invades the Brain

Infection with Naegleria fowleri occurs when contaminated water enters the body through the nose. This typically happens during recreational activities in warm freshwater, such as swimming, diving, or forceful splashing. The amoeba migrates through the olfactory nerve, the nerve responsible for smell, and travels to the brain.

A Devastating Outcome: Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

Once inside the brain, Naegleria fowleri causes a rare and often fatal infection called Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM). PAM is a rapidly progressive disease that destroys brain tissue, leading to severe neurological symptoms.

Symptoms to Watch Out For: Recognizing the Warning Signs

The symptoms of PAM can appear within days of exposure and progress quickly. Early signs may include:

Severe headache
Fever
Nausea and vomiting
Neck stiffness
Confusion
Loss of balance and coordination
Seizures
Coma

A Race Against Time: The Challenge of PAM Diagnosis and Treatment

PAM is a fulminant disease, meaning it progresses rapidly and has a high mortality rate. Early diagnosis and prompt medical intervention are crucial for survival. However, the rarity of the infection and the rapid progression of symptoms can make timely diagnosis challenging.

Prevention is Key: Minimizing the Risk of Infection

There is no specific treatment for PAM, highlighting the importance of prevention. Here are some key steps to minimize the risk of Naegleria fowleri infection:

Avoid warm, stagnant freshwater: Swim only in well-maintained pools and treated water sources.
Hold your nose underwater: Consider using nose clips while swimming in freshwater sources, especially for children.
Educate children: Teach children about the risks associated with forceful splashing and underwater activities in warm freshwater.
Maintain pool hygiene: Ensure proper chlorination and filtration of swimming pools.

Beyond Kerala: A Global Threat

While the recent cases have occurred in Kerala, Naegleria fowleri is a global concern. Cases have been reported worldwide, with warm climates posing a higher risk. Being informed about this amoeba and taking appropriate precautions is vital for anyone engaging in water-based activities in freshwater sources.

Spreading Awareness, Not Fear: The Importance of Public Education

Public awareness campaigns are crucial to educate people about the dangers of Naegleria fowleri and the importance of preventive measures. Open communication and collaboration between health officials, communities, and pool management can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

A Call for Research: Unveiling the Mysteries of Naegleria fowleri

While we understand the basic transmission route of Naegleria fowleri, there’s much to learn about this organism. Further research is needed to develop better diagnostic tools, explore potential preventative measures, and improve treatment options.

Living with Awareness, Not Fear

Naegleria fowleri poses a serious health threat, but knowledge is power. By understanding the risks, taking necessary precautions, and supporting awareness initiatives, we can significantly reduce the chances of infection. Remember, enjoying water-based activities can be safe with a healthy dose of caution and informed decision-making.

Words to Remember:

Naegleria fowleri is an amoeba, not bacteria.
Infection occurs through contaminated water entering the nose.
PAM is a rare but rapidly progressive brain infection.
Prevention through avoiding warm freshwater and maintaining pool hygiene is crucial.
Public awareness and research are important for better management.

Empowered by Knowledge:

By understanding the science behind Naegleria fowleri, you can make informed decisions to protect yourself and your loved ones. While the recent cases are a cause for concern, staying informed and taking appropriate precautions can significantly reduce the risk.

July 8, 2024 0 comment

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West Nile Fever Hits Kerala: Government Urges Vigilance and Preventive Measures

by Dr. Shruthi R May 18, 2024

written by Dr. Shruthi R

Kerala has reported multiple cases of West Nile fever, with one death and six infections. The virus spreads through Culex mosquitoes, causing symptoms in about 20% of infected individuals, and can lead to severe neurological diseases.

The Kerala government has reported multiple cases of West Nile fever in Thrissur, Malappuram, and Kozhikode districts. One person has died, and six others are affected. State Health Minister Veena George has called for vigilance and mosquito control measures.

What is West Nile Virus?

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne, single-stranded RNA virus related to Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever viruses. It primarily spreads through Culex mosquitoes, which become infected by feeding on infected birds. It can also spread through blood transfusions, from mother to child, and lab exposure.

Symptoms

Approximately 80% of those infected with WNV are asymptomatic. The rest may develop West Nile fever, exhibiting symptoms like fever, headache, fatigue, body aches, nausea, rash, and swollen glands. Severe cases can lead to neurological diseases such as encephalitis or meningitis, particularly in individuals with comorbidities or compromised immune systems.

Treatment and Prevention

There is no specific treatment or vaccine for WNV. Supportive care is provided for severe cases. Preventive measures include using mosquito repellents, wearing protective clothing, using mosquito nets, and ensuring clean surroundings to reduce mosquito breeding sites. Health authorities also recommend active animal health surveillance to detect cases in birds and horses.

Historical Context

WNV was first identified in Uganda in 1937 and has since spread globally, following major bird migratory routes. In India, the virus has been detected in humans and mosquitoes in various states, including Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.

While the West Nile virus can be serious, the Kerala government and health experts emphasize the importance of mosquito control and preventive measures to manage and reduce the risk of infection.

Preventive Measures:

Use mosquito repellents and nets.
Wear long-sleeved clothing.
Keep surroundings clean to prevent mosquito breeding.
Regularly monitor and control mosquito populations.

By implementing these measures, the risk of West Nile fever can be significantly reduced. It is crucial for individuals, especially those in affected areas, to remain vigilant and seek medical attention if they exhibit symptoms.

May 18, 2024 0 comment

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Kerala Prohibits Oleander Temple Offerings After Fatal Poisoning, Raises Awareness on Deadly Plant’s Risks

by Dr. Shruthi R May 11, 2024

written by Dr. Shruthi R

Kerala authorities take decisive action following the tragic death of a 24-year-old woman who accidentally ingested oleander leaves. The ban aims to prevent further incidents and raise awareness about the dangers of the toxic plant.

Following the tragic death of a 24-year-old woman who accidentally consumed oleander leaves, locally known as ‘arali,’ Kerala has implemented a ban on oleander flowers in temple offerings. Surya Surendran, a nurse, inadvertently chewed on the leaves while distracted by her phone, leading to her demise. This ban affects over 2,500 temples managed by two government-controlled temple boards in the state. Oleander, prized for its aesthetic appeal, harbors potent toxins, making it a hazard despite its beauty. Understanding the risks associated with oleander is crucial, given its prevalence in Kerala’s landscape.

Oleander, scientifically named Nerium oleander, is cultivated globally for its resilience in various climates, including tropical and temperate regions. In Kerala, it is commonly found along highways and beaches, serving as natural green fencing. While oleander has historically been used in traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurveda, its toxicity is widely recognized. The plant contains cardiac glycosides, including oleandrin, which can have severe effects on the body, ranging from nausea and diarrhea to irregular heartbeat and, in extreme cases, death. Despite its historical medicinal uses, oleander’s toxicity poses significant risks, leading to its ban in temple offerings to prevent further tragedies like Surya Surendran’s unfortunate demise.

May 11, 2024 0 comment

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India reports 42,766 new cases, with Kerala representing almost 70% of the cases of covid

by Medically Speaking September 5, 2021

written by Medically Speaking

India reported 42 766 new cases of Covid 19 on Sunday with 308 infection victims over the last 24 hours, according to information shared by the Ministry of Health of the Union.

Total recoveries were at 3,21,38,092 across the country, while active cases stood at 4,10,048. In the last 24 hours, active cases rose by 4,367.

Top five states which have registered maximum cases are Kerala with 29,682 cases, followed by Maharashtra with 4,130 cases, Tamil Nadu with 1,575 cases, Andhra Pradesh with 1,502 cases and Karnataka with 983 cases.

These five states accounted for 88.56 per cent of the daily new cases reported on Sunday, with Kerala alone responsible for 69.41 per cent of the fresh infections.

On Sunday, 308 Covid-related fatalities were recorded in the country, taking the total death toll to 4,40,533. Maximum casualties were reported in Kerala (142), followed by Maharashtra with 64 deaths in the last 24 hours.

A total of 38,091 patients recovered in the last 24 hours. The recovery rate now stands at 97.42 per cent.

India conducted 17,47,476 tests in the past 24 hours, according to the Health Ministry data.

A total of 71,61,760 vaccine doses were administered in the last 24 hours, which brings the total tally of doses administered to 68,46,69,521.

September 5, 2021 0 comment

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Kozhikode Medical College Hospital in Kerala experiences medical oxygen shortages, numerous operations postponed

by Medically Speaking September 2, 2021

written by Medically Speaking

Many scheduled surgeries, including those for cancer patients, were cancelled on Wednesday at the Government Medical College Hospital (MCH) in Kozhikode due to a medical oxygen shortage.

The situation began on Tuesday night, according to sources. Alternative measures were taken by the government, although these were not entirely effective. The remaining supply was chosen to be used exclusively for the COVID-19 critical care unit. Only life-threatening operations were permitted.

According to a doctor there, some of the patients were nevertheless shifted to operation theatres on Wednesday morning hoping that somehow a solution could be found. Though the doctors waited till 11 a.m., oxygen supply failed to arrive and the patients were sent back to the wards.

“About 50 scheduled surgeries may have been postponed. Not even one surgery, including those for cancer patients, could be performed till the afternoon on the day,” said the doctor.

Supply Diversion

It is learnt that technical glitches had hit the plant from where oxygen is supplied to the hospital. Some other doctors said the shortage could also be due to the supply being diverted to a new intensive care unit.

Meanwhile, efforts to arrange for supply from the Calicut International Airport failed to take off. However, fresh stock arrived from Kanjikode in Palakkad district by afternoon. Sources said that this was expected to meet the requirements till Thursday morning.

September 2, 2021 0 comment

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Rehabilitation centres will be built in mental health hospitals

by Medically Speaking August 5, 2021

written by Medically Speaking

311 people at three government-run institutions have been cured and are awaiting rehabilitation, according to Kerala’s health minister.

Health Minister Veena George told the Assembly on Wednesday that the administration has made preparations to open rehabilitation centres affiliated to the three government-run mental health facilities in the state.

She was responding to a motion by United Democratic Front (UDF) MLA Anoop Jacob to draw attention to the dire state of mental health facilities in the state, as well as the need to devise a plan to rehabilitate those who have recovered.

Ms. George said 311 persons across the three institutions had completed treatment and were waiting for rehabilitation. At the Government Mental Health Centre in Peroorkada, 162 persons have recovered and are awaiting rehabilitation. Of them, 103 are men and 59, women. Their relatives have not come forward to take them home.

At the Mental Health Centre in Thrissur, 69 persons are waiting for rehabilitation, of which 28 are women and 41, men. At the Kozhikode Mental Health Centre, 80 persons have to be rehabilitated, out of whom 25 have been shifted to various rehabilitation centres this year.

Work in progress

She said the work on a rehabilitation centre attached to the Kozhikode hospital would be completed in 2022. Administrative sanction has been accorded for a similar centre at Thrissur. The preliminary study for infrastructure development at Peroorkada is progressing.

Those unable to return home after treatment are being provided skills training and psycho-social support through the ‘Home Again’ project, said Ms.George.

August 5, 2021 0 comment

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According to government data, Kerala has 37% of the country’s active covid cases

by Medically Speaking July 30, 2021

written by Medically Speaking

New Delhi, India Many believe that the Covid figure in Kerala is a forerunner of the country’s third wave of the virus, which is expected to arrive within the next week. According to government sources, of the 4.03 lakh active cases in the country, 1.5 lakh are from Kerala alone, accounting for more than 37% of the cases. “The surge in cases in Kerala can be seen as the beginning of the third wave,” Maharashtra health minister Rajesh Tope said yesterday.

The Union Health Ministry has dispatched a six-member team to the state, led by National Centre for Disease Control Director S K Singh, to assist with Covid management.

When the second wave of Covid swept through the country in May, Kerala reported an all-time high of more than 43,000 new cases per day.

However, the numbers began to fall quickly and reached a low by the first week of June.

The respite was short — from the third week of June the number of daily fresh cases has been on a consistent rise. Over the last 8 weeks, the state has seen a 13 per cent rise in the daily cases, sources said.

Recently, Kerala reported more than 22,000 new cases a day — more than halfway to the numbers of May.

The number of fatalities is also rising. More than 150 deaths were reported this morning, though the figure is a drop from 227 — reported in the first week of June. Over the last eight weeks, the range of deaths per day has been between 97 and 174.

The weekly positivity rate has been between 10.5 per cent and 14.8 per cent. The figure has not dropped below 10 per cent in the last eight weeks.

The average daily tests however have dropped by 13 per cent over the last eight weeks.

Between June 3 to June 9, the average daily tests were more than 1,11,000. From June 22nd to July 28, the average has dropped to 96,00,500.

July 30, 2021 0 comment

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Three cases of Zika virus reported in Kerala

by Medically Speaking Team July 12, 2021

written by Medically Speaking Team

The presence of Zika virus was confirmed in three more persons including a one-year-old child in the district on Sunday. Their samples were confirmed at a lab in Coimbatore. So far, 18 cases of Zika virus have been reported from the district, the first being that of a pregnant woman who was diagnosed on Thursday. This was followed by 13 more cases among healthcare workers in a private hospital the next day.

Meanwhile, the health department has set up Zika testing facilities at medical college hospitals (MCH) in Thiruvananthapuram, Alappuzha, Thrissur and Kozhikode, after procuring 2,100 testing kits from the National Institute of Virology, Pune. The Thiruvananthapuram MCH received 500 triplex kits that can detect dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus, besides 500 singleplex kits that can be used only for detecting Zika virus. Alappuzha NIV received 500 singleplex kits and Thrissur and Kozhikode MCHs received 300 singleplex kits each.

July 12, 2021 0 comment

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Oxygen Plant being set up at Kozhikode Medical College, Trivandrum

by Medically Speaking Team May 7, 2021

written by Medically Speaking Team

With Covid-19 cases rising drastically, an oxygen plant from the PK Steel complex is being set up at Kozhikode Medical College hospital as part of the ongoing efforts of the Kerala government.

The state government sets a cooperative model in fighting the Coronavirus pandemic with the help of Uralungal Labour Contract Cooperative Society (ULCCS), the largest primary workers’ cooperative in Asia.

The 13 KL oxygen plant is being translocated to the Kozhikode Medical College hospital compound, ULCCS Public Relations Officer Manoj K Puthiyavila said in a release here on Thursday.

May 7, 2021 0 comment

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